L5 /55-7 



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COOK^S COMPILED 

EIGHTH GRADE 
REVIEW BOOK 





REVISED EDITION 



,■^•1 



c/ln 
EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW BOOK 



COMPILED 

hy 

G. C COOK 

A Student in the College of Agriculture 
University of Nebraska 



REVISED EDITION 



COPIES MAILED PREPAID 

—at— 

50 CENTS PER COPY 

Address all orders to The Herald Printing House, Auburn, Nebraska. 






Copyright, 1921, by 
G. C. COOK 

First Edition, March 4, 1921 
Revised, June 1. 1921. 



©C1A619499 
-v^ \ 



Pref 



ace 



Having formerly taught a District School for two years I realize 
the need in County Schools of some kind of an Eighth Grade Review 
book. 

The purpose of this book is to aid the teacher in reviewing the 
pupil and also to furnish a source by which the pupil cam review 
himself. This book is not to be used as a regular text throughout 
the year, but to be used for review during the month preceding eight 
grade examinations. 

The material herein is written in the simplest language in order 
that it may be understandable to every eighth gTade pupil. 

This book contains nothing but answers to eighth grade questions 
which have been asked in examinations ranging from 1909 to 1921. 

The material herein is compiled from Hamilton's Standard Arith- 
metic, book three; Milne's Standard Arithmetic; Hoenshels Advanced 
Grammar; A History of the United States by Thwaites, and Kendall, 
and also Montgomery's and McMasters Histories.; The Natural School 
Geography by Redway and Hinman; Ftyes Elements of Geography; 
The Farm Garden Rule Book by L. H. Bailey; Live Language Lessons 
by Howard R. Driggs, third book; and Hygienic Physiology by J. D. 
Steele. 

I wish to acknowledge the above books and extend a word of 
appreciation to their writers for the information I have obtained from 
these books. 

G. C. COOK. 

Universitv of Nebraska. 



ARITHMETIC 



Arithmetic 

ARITHMETIC is the science of .niumbers and the art of computing 
by them. 

A UNIT is a single thing; as, one, one cent. 
A NUMBER is a unit or a collection of units. 
The Arabic numerals are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9. 

THE ROMAN SYSTEM: 



I, 1 


XIV, 14 


XC, 90 


II. 2 


XV, 15 


C, 100 


III. :; 


XVI, 16 


CCC, 300 


IV. 4 


XVII, 17 


CD, 400 


V. 5 


XVIII. 18 


D, 500 


VI. ('. 


XIX, 19 


DC, 600 


VII. 7 


XX, 20 


DCC. 700 


VIII. 8 


XXX, 30 


DCCC. 800 


IX. 9 


XL, 40 


CM, 900 


X, 10 


L, 50 


M, 1,000 


XI, 11 


LX, 60 


MCM, 1,900 


XII,12 


LXX, 70 


V, 5,000 


XIII, 1?. 


LXXX. 80 


M, 1,000,000 



ADDITION 

The SUM is the result of addition. 

SUBTRACTION 

The SUBTRAHEND is the number to be subtracted. 

The V»IFFERENCE, or remainder, is the result A subtraction. 

The MINUEND is the number from which we subtract. 

MULTIPLICATION 

The MULTIPLICAND is the number multipli-.d. 

The MULTIPLIER is the number by which we multiply. 

The PRODUCT is the result of multiplication. 



6 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

DIVISION 

The DIVIDEND is the number to be divided. 

The DIVISOR is the number by which we divide. 

The QUOTIENT is the result of division. 

The REMAINDER is the part of the dividend remaining when 
the quotient is not exact. 

A CONCRETE NUMBER is a number used with reference to a 
particular object; as, 5 days, 10 pounds, 8 inches. 

An ABSTRACT NUMBER is a number used without reference to 
a particular object; as, 5, 8, 20, 

An INTEGER or an integral number is a whole number. 

FRACTIONAL UNITS 

A COMMON FRACTION is a fraction that has botli 
terms expressed ; as, 3/4, 4/4, 1/4. 

A PROPER FRACTION is a fraction whose value is 
less than 1; as, 1/2, 7/8, 3/4. 

A IMPROPER FRACTION is a fraction whose value is 
ecjual to or y'reater than 1 ; as 8/8, 9/8, 4/3, 5/5, 6/5, etc. 

A MIXED NUMBER is a number expressed liy a wiioh' 
number and a fraction; as 3 1/2, 12 •") -l. 

PARTS OF A DOLLAR 

1 c equals 1/100 of $1.00 33 1/3 c equals 1/3 of 1.00 

2 c equals 1/50 of 1.00 37 1/2 c equals 3/8 of 1.00 

4 c equals 1/25 of 1.00 40 c equals 2/'5 of 1.00 

5 c equals 1/20 of 1.00 50 c equals 1/2 of 1.00 
61/4c equals 1/16 of 1.00 62 1/2e equals 5/8 of 1.00 
81/3c equals 1/12 of 1.00 66 2/3 c equals 2/3 of 1.00 

10 c equals 1/10 of 1.00 75 c equals 3/4 of 1.00 

12 1/2 c equals 1/8 of 1.00 SO c equals 4/5 of 1.00 

16 2/3 c equals 1/6 of 1.00 83 1/3 c equals 5/6 of 1.00 

20 c equals 1/5 of 1.00 87 1/2 c equals 7/8 of 1.00 

25 c equals 1/4 of 1.00 



ARITHMETIC 7 

COMMISSION AND BROKERAGE 

A person who buys, sells or transacts business for another is 
called an agent, Collector, Commission Merchant, or Conunission 
Broker, according to the nature of the business trasacted. 

The commission or brokerage is a certain percent of 
the amount of money involved in the transaction. 

The Net proceeds is tlie amount left after commission 
and all other charges have been paid. 

The one who sends the merchandise to be sold is the 
principal, the shipper, or the consignor. 

EXAMPLES 

1. A real estate agent sold four lots for $250, $325, $395. 
and $405. respectively. How much was his commission at 
5% ? Ans. $68.75. 

2. A fniit grower sliipped to his commission merchant 
GOO bbl. apples, which were sold at $3.50 a barrel. The 
agent (k^dueted $43.90 freight charges, $27.75 cartage, 12c 
a barrel for cold storage, and 5 per cent commission. Find 
the amount remitted. Ans. $1851.35. 

3. My agent bought 180 bbl. apples at $4.80 a barrel. 
He paid $50.00 freight and $6.00 storage. I sent him $937.28. 
What was his rate of commsision? Ans. 2 per cent. 

DECIMALS 

Division of Decimals 

FIND QUOTIENTS 

1. 4.199 by 1.9 Ans. 2.21 

2. .20956 by .169 Ans. 1.24 

3. 27.839 by 2.87 Ans. 9.7 . 

Multiplication of Decimals 

FIND PRODUCTS 

1. .089 X 60 Ans. 5.34 

2. 72.184 X .0025 Ans. .18046 

3. 85.004 X 26.09 Ans. 2217.75436 



COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 
Subtraction and Addition of Decimals 



.^DD 






1. 3.7 






5.06 






8.023 






9.04 








Ans. 


25.828 


SUBTRACT 


2. 225.5 






97.439 








Ans. 


128.061 



FRACTIONS 
Decimal Fraction 
CHANGE TO COMMON FRACTION 

1. .37 1/2 Ans. 3/8 

2. .83 1/3 Ans. 5/6 

CHANGE TO DECIMALS 

1. 17/27 Ans. .6296 8/27 

2. ]/6() Ans. .0166 2 3 

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 

FIRST ADD: THEN SUBTRACT 
1. 5 3/4 



2 1/2 



2. 54 11/12 
46 5/13 



Ans. 8 1/4: 3, 1/4. 



Ans. 101 47 156: 8 83 156. 



TAXES 

1. Frank Keller's real property is assessed at -1^5200, aiul 
his personal property at $800. The tax rate in his city is 
13 mills. Find his tax, including $1, poll tax. 



ARITHMETIC 9 

$5200 plus $800 (Mjuals $G000, assessrd valuation. .01:3 x 
$6000 equals $78, 1:5 mills tax rat(>. $78, plus $1. (Mpials 
$7!), total tax. 

1. The assessed valuation of a town is $900,000 and tlic 
amount of taxes to be raised is $16,200. What is the rat.? 
of taxation and what is Mr. Owen's tax who owns property 
assessed at $10,000 and personal property assessed at $2500? 

Ans. .018 ; $225. 

DENOMINATE NUMBERS 

1. Wasliington was born February 22, 1732; he was in 
aug'urated President April 30, 1789. How old was he when 
he became President:' Ans. 57 yrs. 2 mo. 8 days. 

2. Find the sum of 18 T. 12 cwt. 50 lb. 15 oz., 25 T. 
12 ewt. 19 m. 13 oz., 15 T. 14 cwt. 35 IT). 9 oz., 20 T. 
18 cwt. Ans. 80 T. 17 cwt. 6 lb. 5 oz. 

3. Find the sum of 12 bu. 3 pk. 7 (|t., 25 bu. 5 qt., 8 bu, 

2 pk. 1 pt., 48 bu. 3 pk., 42 bu. 1 pk. 2 qt., 48 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. 

Ans. 186 bu. 2 pk. 4 qt. 1 pt. 

4. Reduce to lower denominations : 2 wk. 5 da. 13 hr. 

Ans. 469 lirs. 

5. Divide 153 mi. 313 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. by 11. 

Ans. 13 mi. 319 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. 

6. Multiply 12 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. 1 pt. by 8. 

Ans. 102 bu. 2 pk. 4 qt. 

7. From 4 mi. 126 rd. 4 yd. 6 in., take 2 mi. 140 rd. 

3 yd. 2 ft. 8 in. Ans. 1 mi. 306 rd. 10 in. 

SIMPLE INTEREST 

FIND THE INTEREST AND AMOUNT AT 6% ON: 

1. $500 for 6 months and 15 days. Ans. $16.25; $516.25 

2. $755 for 1 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. Ans. $80.03 ; $835.03 



10 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

PROMISSORY NOTES 

Mr. James H. Ames, a grocer, Salem, Oregon, has ai: 
account of $52.00 against Robert Patterson for groceries, 
and Mr. Ames asks Mr. Patterson to give him a note at 
() per cent interest for the amount of tlie bill. 



$52.00 Salem, Oregon, Nov. 21, 1!)17. 

Six months after date I promise to 

pay to the 

order of James H. Ames 

Fifty Two DolhuN 

Value received, with interest at 6 per cent. 

Robert Patterson. 



IVLENSURATION 

Lumber 

A board foot is a board 1 ft. long, 1 ft. wide and 1 in. 
thick. The number of board feet in a piece of lumber is 
found by multiplying the number of board. feet in one sur- 
face by the number of inches in thickness. 

FIND THE NUMBER OF BOARD FEET IN THE FOLLOW- 
ING: 

1. 1 board 10 ft. long, 1 1/2 ft. wide, and 1 in. thick. 

Ans. 15 board fc. 

2. 4 boards 16 ft. x 1 1/2 ft. x 1/2 in. 

Ans. 96 board ft. 

FIND THE COST AT $35 PER M., OF: 

1. 50 boards, 16 ft. long, 12 in. wide and 1 in. thick. 

Ans. $28 

TRIANGLES 

The area of a triangle is equal to the product of one 
half the base times the altitude. 



ARITHMETIC H 

FIND THE AREA OF THE FOLLOWING TRIANGLES : 

1. Base Lj ft., altitude 8 ft. Aus. (iO sq. ft. 

2. Base 20 ft., altitude 14 ft. Aiis. U-0 sq. ft. 

:>. Mr. Smith's farm is in the form of a rectangle 80 rods 
lono' and 40 rods wide and has a running stream across one 
corner. If the corner cut off by the stream is 58 rods long and 
24 rods wide, find the approximate area of each part. 

Ans. 696 sq. rd. ; 2504 sq. rd. 

The s(|uare on the Hypotenuse of a right triangle 
equals tlie siun of the squares described on the other two 
sides. 

4. Find the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose alti- 
tude is 6 ft. and whose base is 8 ft. Ans. 10 ft. 

5. A has a field 40 rd. long and 30 rd. wide. B has a 
square field whose side equals the diagonal of A's field. 
Wliat is the difference in the area of the two fields? 

Ans. 1300 sq. rd. 
A PARALLELOGRAM is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides 
are parallel. 

The area of a parallelogram is found by multiplying the 
base times the altitude. 

FIND THE AREA IN ACRES OP: 

1. A parallelogram whose base is 140 rds. and altitude 
60 rd. Ans. 52 1/2 acres. 

The area of a trapezoid is found by multiplying the 
altitude times one half of the sum of the parallel sides. 

1. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 38 in. and 62 in. 
and it altitude is 21 inches. Find its area in sq. inches. 

Ans. 1050 sq. in. 

CIRCLES 

The CIRCUMFERENCE of a circle is found by multiply- 
ing the diameter by 3.1416. 



12 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

The DIAMETER of a circle is found by dividing tHe eir- 
cinuference by 3.1416. 

The AREA OF A CIRCLE is- found by multiplying the 
circumference by one half the racUus. 

The area of a circle equals .7854 of the circumscrilx'^! 
S([iiare. 

The VOLUME OF A CYLINDER is found by multiplying 
the area of the base times the heig'hth of the cylinder. 

FIND THE VOLUME OF A CYLINDER 3 FT. IN DIAM 
ETER AND 5 FT. HIGH. 

.")- X .7854 e(|iijils 7.()()86 S({. ft. area of i);isc. 

.") ft. X 7.U(i8() s((. ft. equals 35. 343 cii. ft., 'the volume of 
the cylinder. 

FIND THE VOLUME OF CISTERNS, SILOS, GAS TANKS. 
ETC.. 

1. D. 15 ft., heio-ht 18 ft. Ans. 3.180.87 cu. ft 

2. D. 25 ft., heioht 30 ft. Ans. 14,726.25 cu. fi 

A cord of wood contains 128 cu. ft., as 

A pile of wood 4 ft. wide, 4 ft. high and 8 ft. lonu' is 
equal to one cord. 

BINS AND TANKS 

A standard bushel contains 2150.42 cu. in. 

231 cu. in. equal 1 gal. 
31 1/2 gal. equal 1 bbl. 

FIND TO HUNDREDTHS THE NUMBER OF BUSHELS IN: 

1. A bin 20 ft. by 10 ft. by 5 ft. 

Ans. 803.56 plus. hv. 

2. A metal trough for watering cattle is 12 ft. long. 
3 ft. wide and 20 in. deep. Find the number of gallons i! 
holds. Ans. 448.83 



ARITHMETIC 13 

Approximate Measurements 

1 1)11. sIk'IKmI .uniiii equals 1 1/4 cu. ft. 

1 1)11. apples equals 1 5/9 cu. ft. 

1 hhl. equals 4 1/5 cu. ft. 

1 ion soft coal equals 42 cu. ft. 

1 ton hard coal equals 35 cu. lu 

] ton clover hay equals 550 cii. ft. 

1. Estimate the number of tons of clover hay in a jim.w 
(iO ft. by 18 ft. by l(i ft. Aus. ;ll 2:5/55 T. 

2. Estimate the number of bushels in a bin for oats 
14 ft. long and 10 ft. wide, if the bin is filled with oats to 
a deptli of (i ft. Ans. G72 bu. 

DISCOUNT 

1. A piano listed at $1350 was bought at a discount 
of 20 pel- cent and 10 per cent. How much was it bought 
for? • Ans. $972. 

GAIN IN PER CENT 

1. A man paid $5000 for a house. For enlarging and 
i-epairiiig it he spent 40 per cent of this sum. He then sold 
il for $7840. What per cent did he make? 

Ans. 12 per cent. 

2. A fruit merchant bought 120 bbl. of apples for $860. 
He sold them at a gain of 55c per barrel. AVhat was his 
gain jxM' cent? Ans. 18 1/3 per cent. 

FIRE INSURANCE 

The premium is the sum paid for the Insurance. 
What is the premium on the following policy? 

1. $14,500 at 1 3/4 per cent Ans. $253.75. 

2. A school board pays annually $45.00 for $6,000 of 
Y\re Protection on a school building. Find the rate of 
premium. Ans. 3/4 per cent. 

3. A vessel worth $27,000 is insured for 2/3 of its value 



14 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

at 3 1/4 per cent. In ease of ship-wreck, what is the Com 
pany's loss? "What is the owner's loss 

Ans. $17,415; $9585. 

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR 

FIND THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR OF: 

1. 56, 98, 154. Ans. 14. 

2. 42, 63, 189. Ans. 21. 

3. 54, 216, 360. Ans. 18. 

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE 

FlXl) THE LEAST COMMON MI;LTIPLE OF: 

1. 24, 48, 72, Ans. 144. 

2. 36, 70, 105, Ans. 1260. 

3. 120, 225. 540, Ans. 5400. 

PLASTERING AND PAINTING 

1. Allowing nothing for openings, how much will it 
rost to kalsomine the walls and ceilings of a room 20 ft. lono;, 
16 ft. wide and 12 ft. high, at 12 cents per sq. yd? 

Ans. $15.7!) 

2. Find the cost of painting both sides of a tight board 
fence 150 ft. long and 8 ft. high, at 20 cents per sq. yd. 

Ans. $53.:14 

ROOFING AND FLOORING 

]. Each of the two slopes of a roof is 60 ft. long and 
20 ft. wide. Find the cost of covering them with tar paper 
at $5.60 per square, (a square equals 100 sq. ft.) 

Ans. $134.40. 

250 shingles equal 1 bunch. 

800 shingles will lay 100 sq. ft. or one square. 

2. Allowing nothing for waste, how many bunches of 
shingles are required to cover a barn roof 35 ft. in width 



ARITHMETIC 15 

oil each side and 70 ft. in length. Find the cost at $1 
[MT bunch. Ans. 157 bunches. $157. 

PAPERING AND CARPETING 

A single roll of paper is 8 yds. in length and usually 
18 in. in width. A double roll is 16 yds. in length. 

1. Estimate tlie number of double rolls of paper- re- 
quired for a ceiling 18 ft. by 22 ft., strips running lengtli- 
wise. Ans. 6 double rolls. 

2. A dining room 15 ft. by 22 ft. is 11 ft. from base- 
board to ceiling. It has four openings 3 1/2 ft. by 7 ft. 
Estimate tlie paper required for it. Strips on ceiling running 
lengthwise. Ans. 15 double rolls. 

3- How much carpet 27 in. wide, laid the long way of 
the room is reipiired for a room 18 ft. long and 15 ft. wide, 
allowing 12 in. on each strp except the first for matching. 

Ans. 44 yards. 

PERCENTAGE AND INTEREST 

1. I gained 35 per cent by selling an article for $4.05. 
Mow much did it cost? Ans. $3. 

2. A laborer had his wages twice increased 10 per cent. 
If he now receives $2.42 a day, what were his wages before 
they were increased? Ans. $2. 

3. A receives $1,600 salary, which is 60 per cent more 
than B receives. What salary does B receive? 

Ans. $1,000 

4. I sold two lots for $1200 each ; on one I gained 25 
per cent, and on the other I lost 25 per cent. Did I gain 
or lose, and how much? Ans. $160, loss 

RATIO AND PROPORTION 

The extremes are the first and the fourth terms of a 
|)roportion ; the means are the second and third terms. 



16 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

111 every proportion the product of the extremes is equal 
to the product of the means. 

FJND THE VALUE OF "X" THE UNKNOWN TERM: 

1. (j() : 15 equal 75 : X Ans. 18 3/4 

1^. 75 : X equal 90 : 18 Ans. 15. 

•■'>. X : 30 equal 8 : 48 Ans. 5. 

It is estimated that 25 men can build a bridge in 18 
(lays. How long at the same rate will it take 15 men to 
iMiild it? Ans. 30 days. 

SQUARE ROOT 

FIND THE SQUARE ROOT OF 2134.44. 

2134.44 I 46.2 

402 IQQQ I 



trial divisor, 2 x 40 equal 80 ! 534 

6 i 

! 516 

complete divisor 86 | 

Trial divisor 2 x 460 920 \ 1844 

2 I 1844 



complete divisor 922 | 

FIND THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE FOLLOWING: 

1. 136161 Ans. 369. 

2. 20.7936 Ans. 4.56 

All students should know the following tables: 

Li(juid Measure Avoirdupois Wt. Measure of Time 

Cubic Measure Square Measure Linear Measure 

Drv Measure 



GRAMMAR 17 



Grammar 

SENTENCES 

The kinds of sentences according to use are: DECLARATIVE, 
INTERROGATIVE, IMPERATIVE and EXCLAMATORY. 

1. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE is one used in making a 
statement. 

2. AN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is one used in asking a 
question. 

3. AN IMPERATIVE SENTENCE is one used in making a 
conrunand. 

4. AN EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE is one used in expressing 
strong feeling or emotion. 

The kinds of sentences according to form are: SIMPLE, COM- 
PLEX and COMPOUND. 

1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE is a thought expressed in words. 

2. A COMPLEX SENTENCE is one composed of one independent 
clause and one or more dependent clauses. 

3. A COMPOUND SENTENCE is one composed of two or more 
independent clauses. 

USE OF THIS AND THAT, THESE AND THOSE 

THIS and THAT are used with singular nouns and THESE and 
THOSE with plural nouns. 

CASE 

1. CASE is that modification of nouns and pronouns which shows 
their relation to other words. 

2. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a sentence is in 
the NOMINATIVE CASE. 

3. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a verb or preposition 
i« in the OBJECTIVE CASE. 

4. A noun or pronoun used to denote possession is in the POS- 
SESSIVE CASE. 



18 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

PHRASES 

1. A PHRASE is a group of words properly put together but 
not having a subject and predicate. 

2. AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase modifying a noun or 
pronoun. 

3. AN ADVERB PHRASE is a phrase modifying a verb, an 
adjective, or an adverb. 

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

1. The SUBJECT is that part of the sentence which tells what 
we are talking about. 

2. The PREDICATE tells something about the subject. 

NOUNS 

1. A PROPER NOUN refers to some particular thing; as, 
Chicago, Frank, May. 

2. A COMMON NOUN is the name of anything; as, boy, girl, 
horse. 

3. A COLLECTIVE NOUN names a collection of persons, ani- 
mals, or Ihings; as, audience, herd. 

4. A CONCRETE NOUN is the name of a place, person, or a 
thing that actually exists in space. Girl, tree, barn, etc. 

5. AN ABSTRACT NOUN is the name of a quality or condition 
that does not exist in space; as, beauty, goodness, preserverance, etc. 

GENDER 

1. GENDER is a distinction of nouns and pronouns in regard 
to sex. 

2. NOUNS and pronouns that refer to males are MASCULINE 
GENDER; as, father, John, King. 

3. Nouns and pronouns that refer to females are of the FEM- 
ININE GENDER; as, mother, she, Ruth, Queen. 

4. Nouns and pronouns that refer to objects, neither male nor 
female are of the NEUTER GENDER; as, house, post, tree. 

5. Nouns and pronouns that refer to either males or females or 
both, are of the COMMON GENDER; as, parent, bird, they, children 



GRAMMAR 19 

PERSON 

1. PERSON is that property of a noun or pronoun which denotes 
the speaker, the persoTi spoken to, or the person spoken of. 

2. The FIRST PERSON denotes the speaker; as, I, John, am an 
apostle. 

3. The SECOND PERSON denotes the person spoken to; as, 
John come here; Mr. President, I second that motion. 

4. The THIRD PERSON denotes the person spoken^ of; as, John 
was a farmer, I heard the thunder roar. 

PRONOUNS 

1. A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun. 

2. The ANTECEDENT of a pronoun is the word for which it 
stands. 

3. A PERSONAL PRONOUN is ome that indicates its person by 
its form. 

4. Sometimes SELF or SELVES is added to the personal pro- 
nouns. They are then called COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

5. An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is one used in asking 
questions; as, who, which and what. 

6. An ADJECTIVE PRONOUN is one that performs the offices 
of an adjective and a noun; as. Some (men) are rich. 

7. A RELATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun used to introduce 
adjectival clauses, the most commonly used relative pronouns are: 
who, which and that. 

ADJECTIVES 

1. An ADJECTIVE is a word used to modify a noun or pro- 
noun. 

2. A DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE is one that describes a noun 
or pronoun by expressing some quality belonging to it; as, good boys, 
small trees. 

3. A DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVE is one that does not express a 
quality; as, several boys, those trees. 

4. Such adjectives as American, Spanish, etc., are called 
PROPER ADJECTIVES and should begin with a capital letter. 



20 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

COMPARISON 

1. The three degrees of comparison are, POSITIVE, COMPAR- 
ATIVE and the SUPERLATIVE; as, small, smaller, smallest; beau- 
tiful, more beautiful, and most beautiful. 

ARTICLES 

The adjectives A, AN and THE are sometimes called ARTICLES. 
A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound, and AN 
before words beginning with a vowel sound. 

VERBS 

1. A VERB is a word that denotes action or being. 

2. The form of the verb endinig in ing and the form used with 
have are called PARTICIPLES. WALKING is the present participle 
and WALKED is the past participle of the verb walk. 

3. A REGULAR VERB is one that forms its past tense and past 
participle by adding ed to the present. 

4. An IRREGULAR VERB is one that does not form its past 
tense and past participle by adding ed to the present. 

5. An INTRANSIVE VERB is one that does not require an object 
to comp'ete its meaning. 

6. A TRANSITIVE VERB is one that requires an object to 
complete its meaning. 

7. When the subject denotes the actor, the verl) is said to be in 
the ACTIVE VOICE. 

8. When the .subject denotes the receiver of the act the verb is 
said to be in the PASSIVE VOICE. 

ADVERB 

1. An ADVERB is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, 
or an adverb. 

2. ADVERBS OF PLACE are adverbs which answer the ques- 
tion, WHERE ? as HERE, THERE. 

3. ADVERBS OF TIME answer the que.stion when? as NOW, 
RECENTLY. 

4. ADVERBS OF MANNER answer the question. How? as, 
WELL, BADLY. 



GRAMMAR 21 

NUMBER 

1. NUMBER is that modification of a noun or pronoun by which 
it denotes one or more than one. 

2. The SINGULAR NUMBER denotes but one. 

:j. The PLURAL NUMBER denotes more than one. 

FORMING OF PLURALS 

1. A, E, I, O anid U are VOWELS; the other letters are CON- 
SONANTS. 

2. Nouns ending in S, Q, X, SH and CH form their plurals by 
adding es. 

3. Nouns ending in Y preceded by a vowel form the plural by 
adding s. 

4. Nouns ending in Y preceded by a CONSONANT form the 
plural by changing y to i and adding es. 

DISCOURSE 

1. DIRECT DISCOURSE is quoting the exact thoughts of one 
person to another; as, "You are a fine little fellow said he, "Will you 
let me grind my ax on your grindstone?" 

2. INDIRECT DISCOURSE is quoting the thoughts of another 
without giving the exact words; as, The man said that I was a fine 
little fellow and asked me to let him grind his ax on the grindstone. 

CLAUSES 

1. A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and a 
predicate. 

2. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES are clauses containing a subject 
artd predicate but will not stand alone; as, whom we saw. 

MOOD 

1. MOOD is that inflection of the verb which denotes the manner 
of assertion. 

2. INDICATIVE MOOD is used in asserting facts. 

3. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD is used to express a command or 
an entreaty. 

4. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD expresses a wish or an un- 
certainty. 



22 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS 

1. A CONJUNCTION is a word used to connect words, phrases 
and clauses. 

2. An INTERJECTION is a word used to denote strong feeling 
or emotion. 

PARTS OF SPEECH 

1. Noun. S. Verb. 5. Adjective. 7. Conjunction. 

2. Pronoun. 4. Adverb. 6. Preposition. 8. Interjection 

CORRECTIVE USAGE 

Sit, set, sat, may, can, laid, lain, lay, lies, shall, will, lying, teach, 
went, gone, saw, seen, learn, sung, done, did. 

1. SIT here girls and rest awhile. 

2. He SET the bucket on the porch. 

3. He SAT where I asked him to sit. 

4. Yes, he MAY go tomorrow. 

5. CAN you go home tonight ? 

6. The hen LAID an egg this morning. 

7. Here LIES a large rock. Here it has LAIN for many years. 

8. Mary LAY on the sofa all forenoon. 

9. LIE down Mary and rest yourself. 

10. I think I SHALL go home tomorrow. 

11. I V^ILL fix it for you. 

12. John LAY on the ground. He is LYING there now. 

13. May I TEACH the class today? 

14. I WENT home yesterday. 

15. I have GONE home twice this month. 

16. I SAW Frank this morning. 

17. I have SEEN Frank. 

18. It is hard for Birtha to LEARN. 



GRAMMAR 



23 



19. I have SUNG many times. 

20. I DID the work yesterday. 

21. I have DONE my work. 



USE OF SHALL AND WILL 



To represent simple expectation on the part of the speaker, use 
shall in the first person, and will in the second and third persons; as, 
we shall, you will, they will. 

To represent determination, desire, willingness, or promise on the 
part of the speaker, use will in the first person, and shall in the 
second and third persons; as, we will, you shall, they shall. 



PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS 



-s^iiny 



PRESENT 


PAST. IND. 


PERFECT PART. 


Do 


did 


done 


Eat 


ate 


eaten 


Fly 


flew 


flown 


Sing 


sang 


sung 


Lie 


lay 


lain 


Get 


got 


got 


Give 


gave 


given 


Go 


went 


gone 


See 


saw 


seen 


Run 


ran 


run 


Take 


took 


taken 


Write 


wrote 


written 


Lay 


laid 


laid 


Learn 


learned 


learned 


Sit 


sat 


sat 


Teach 


taught 


taught 


Ring 


rang 


rung 



24 DRAWING AND WRITING 



Drawing and Writing 

DRAWING is given in schools in order to develop coordination be- 
tween the hand and the eye. 

DRAWING is important because it is a graphic expression of 
one's thoughts. 

1. PERSPECTIVE is arranging objects in their right relation to 
make them look correct and real. 

2. CONSTRUCTION LINES are lines used to help in the making 
of drawings. 

3. The AXIS is the main body of the drawing, as the stem of a 
plant. 

4. The CENTER OF VISION is the main part of a picture or the 
part which draws one's attention most. 

5. The SIX SPECTRUM COLORS are red, orange, yellow, green, 
(blue,) indigo and violet. 

6. The PRIMARY COLORS are red. yellow, violet (b'ue). 

7. The SECONDARY COLORS are orange, green, indigo. 

One should strive to be a GOOD PENMAN in order that he may 
write with neatness, speed and legibility. 

The THREE ESSENTIALS in writing are: speed, neatness and 
legibility. 

Every pupil should know the CORRECT POSITION t) use in 
writing. 



READING 



Reading 

READING is the process of conveying to the mind by sig'it 
written or printed words or symbols. 

A child must get the THOUGHT, hold the THOUGHT and express 
the THOUGHT. 

1. INFLECTION is the rising and lowering of the voice. 

2. EMPHASIS is putting particular stress on certain words, 
phrases and sentences. 

3. ARTICULATION is the pronouncing of each word or syllable 
plainly and distinctly. 

4. POETRY is writing made up of verses v/iitten in such a way 
as to produce a rhythmic effect. 

5. PROSE is ordinary written or spoken language. 

6. The CLIMAX is the most exciting part or the part at which 
the interest of the reader is meant to be at its highest point. 

7. A SIMILE is unlike things compared to be the same. 

8. PERSONIFICATION is giving life to rocks and other lifeless 
things in reading. 

9. PARAPHRASING is dividing lines and verses into parts and 
explaining each part. 

10. SYNONYMS are different words whose meaning is about the 
name. As small and little. 

11. A DERIVATIVE WORD is a word derived from another. 

12. HOMONYMS are words of the same sound but different mean- 
ing; as, ale, ail; gait, gate. 

13. ACCENT is a stress laid by the voice upon a particular syl- 
lable of a word. 

14. ANTONYMS are words of opposite meaning; as, big, little. 



26 HISTORY 



History 

IMPORTANT MEN 

1. MAGELLAN was a brave Portugese navigator whose ship 
sailed around the world. He was killed in the Philippines. 

2. DE SOTA was a brave Spanish sailor who was buried in 
the Mississippi. 

3. CORONADO was a great Spanish officer. 

4. PONCE DE LEON was a Spaniard. He discovered Florida. 

5. FRANCIS DRAKE was an English sailor. 

6. HENRY HUDSON was an English navigator who discovered 
the river which bears his name. 

7. CARTIER discovered the St. Lawrence river. 

8. CHAMPLAIN was a French explorer. 

9. LA SALLE was a great explorer in New France. 

10. SIR WALTER RALEIGH was an. English ship captain. 

11. JOHN STEPHENS built the first steam locomotive of Am- 
erica in 1826. 

12. JEFFERSON DAVIS was a colonel in the west, and later 
held some offices. He was president of the South. 

13. U, S. GRANT was a general on the Union side. 

14. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

15. PATRICK HENRY was a lawyer of the colonies, who, at 
the first Continental Congress shouted, "GIVE ME LIBERTY OR 
GIVE ME DEATH." 

16. JOHN J. PERSHING was commander of the United States 
army in the late war. 

The WHIGS were men known as National Republicans up until 
1834. 

The CAVALIERS were the "Well-to-do" class who fought for 
the king. 



HISTORY 27 

IMPORTATION OF NEGROES. The first* Negro Slaves were 
brought from Africa to Virginia in 1619. 

THE NAMING OF MARYLAND. Maryland was named by 
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore. The Catholics were being 
harshly treated in England so they founded the Maryland colony that 
they might have their religious beliefs and live in peace. 

THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. This colony was founded 
about the year 1606 by the Plymouth Company. The people were 
seeking gold and silver which they thought was abundant in this 
land. At first almost all the people died of starvation and the remain- 
ing few were much discouraged. The colony, however, was able to 
survive by the brave and energetic leadership of Captain John Smith. 
Finally the people began tobacco-raising, establishing large plantations 
and began to progress rapidly, for most of them were interested in 
growing tobacco. About this time a representative Government was 
started and the colony flourished. 

THE PROTESTANTS were people who did not believe in. the 
same religion as did the people of the Roman church, consequently 
they suffered persecution. 

THE PURITANS were the people who wanted to remain in the 
church of England, but they sought to purify it of certain ceremonies 
which they thought were too much like those of the Roman church. 

THE SEPARATISTS wanted to separate from the church of 
England and become an independent congregation. 

THE PILGRIMS were poor of purse but high of character. They 
were breaking the law, and worshipping God after their own manner. 
They came to Ameiica from Holland for freedom of worship, landing 
at Plymouth, December, 1620. They, however, originally came from 
England, but did not want their children to grow up like the children 
of Hoilard. 

THE MAYFLOWER was the ship which brought the Pilgrims 
to America ini 1620. 

THE QUAKERS were people who were subjected in England 
and who later came to America and settled in Pennsylvania. 

The three groups of colonies were the SOUTHERN, NEW 
ENGLAND, and the MIDDLE COLONIES. The people in each of 
the colonies differed in their customs, manners and occupations. 

THE COLONIES COMPARED: 
The Southern Society — 

1. Well educated. 

2. Stately manners. 



28 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

3., Hospitable to strangers. 

4. Dressed well. 

5. Kept black servants. 

6. Mostly planters and fur traders. 

7. English were the most numerous. 
New England Society — 

1. Stood for their rights. 

2. The rich sat in the front pews at church. 

3. Mostly English. 

4. No one idle. 

5. Opposed slavery. 

6. Manufacturing and milling. 

7. Small farms. 

Society in the Middle Colonies — 

1. Many Nationalities. 

2. Strongly Democratic. 

3. Farming the chief industi'y. 

WASHINGTON'S WINTER JOURNEY. In the year 1753. 
George Washington at the age of twenty-one together with a half 
dozen companions clothed in leather suits, started out on horseback 
from Virginia. His mission was to gain information about French 
military activities in the northwest. They had a long journey before 
them which took them over snow clad mountains, through thick forests 
and across streams filled with broken ice. 

THE STAMP ACT, was passed in 1765 for the purpose of rais- 
ing money to defray expenses of the Standing Army. Every news- 
paper, pamphlet, advertisement, bill of merchandise and legal docu- 
ment had to bear a government stamp. The price of the stamps ranged 
all the way from one cent each to fifty dollars each according to the 
importance of the paper to which they were affixed. 

The colonists at once protested against paying taxes except 
those which were approvei by their own representatives. 

In 1765 the Stamp Act Congress was held at New York at which 
nine of the thirteen colonies were represented. This body declared 



HISTORY 29 

that it was loyal to the king- but would allow only th' Ir own 
representatives to tax them. 

THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS was held in Septem- 
ber, 1774 at Philadelphia. The Congress sent to the king- a "Declara- 
tion of Rights and Grievances." 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE was sigfned 
July 4, 1776. 

A PROTECTIVE TARIFF was passed in 1816, because goods 
manufactured in foreign countries could be imported into the United 
States and sold at a lower price than our American manufacturers 
could sell their own products. By this Protective Tariff a heavy duty 
was placed on foreign imports making the foreign goods cost the mer- 
chant as much as American goods. 

THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING was during Monroe's adminis- 
tration. Every one seemed to be prosperous and happy. 

THE ERIE CANAL was opened during Adams' administration. 
This canal connected the Hudson river with Lake Erie, a distance of 
three hundred sixty-three miles. 

"THE SPOILS SYSTEM." Before Jackson's presidency the 
federal government had employed clerks, postmasters and other 
officiials regardless of their party. Jackson turned out of office about 
a thousand government employees who had not voted for him and filled 
the vacancies with his own political friends. This was the beginning 
of the "Spoils System." This system is often spoken of as "To the 
Victor belong the spoils." 

TYLER WAS NOT ELECTED PRESIDENT, but instead as vice 
president. Harrison was elected as president, but soon died and Vice 
President Tyler took his place. 

TEXAS WAS ANNEXED to the United States in March 184-5. 
The Republic of Texas owed 5^7,500,000 which the United States paid 
although it was a large sum. The people called Texas "Taxes." 

"FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT." One of the planks in the 
Democratic platform iru 1844 declared that the territory of Oregon as 
far north as 54 degrees 40 minutes belonged to the United States:. This 
brought about the above saying. 

LAND ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO BY U. S. In February 1848 
the United States paid Mexico $15,000,000 for the land which lay north 
of the Rio Grande and Gila rivers. The United States also paid Amer- 
icans $3,250,000 for claims held against Mexico. This added to our 
national domain 529,189 square miles. 



30 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. In 1848 some shining 
particles of metal that looked like sold were found along a stream 
on John A. Sutters' land in California. This caused gold seekers from 
all parts of the land to rush into California. Little gold, however, 
was found by these seekers. 

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. The people of the north 
were much in sympathy with the slaves, and a slave who once got into 
the northern territory was hidden ard smuggled through to Canada. 

"UNCLE TOM'S CABIN." In the midst of the slavery discus- 
sion Harriet Beacher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" appeared. Tlii'S 
was published in bock form about the life of the blacks in the 
south. 

THE REPUBLICANS developed from the WHIG party separat- 
ing from the whigs because they opposed slavery. Thus, the Republican 
party was formed as opposing slavery. 

JOHN BROWN'S RAID. Brown was strongly against slavery 
so he organized a small army to provide the negroes with guns and to 
rebel again.st their masters. Brown was caught by the Southern 
whites and was hanged on a charge of treason. This disturbed the 
north more than ever against the south. 

THE DUEL BETWEEN THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. 
The Merrimac belonged to the confederates and was covered with 
iron. It was said that she resembled the roof of a barn floating on 
the water. The Monitor belonged to the Union side and also was 
covered with iron. Neither ship proved the superior at first, but 
finally the Merrimac havinig lost her ram withdrew and the Union 
fleet was saved. 

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. In September, 1862, 
President Lincoln gave out the famous document which declared that 
on the following New Years day all peaisons held as slaves within the 
Confederate states "shall be then, thence forward, and forever free." 

SHERMAN'S MARCH FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. Sep- 
tember, 1864, Sherman took Atlanta and started his march from 
Atlanta to the sea. His army numbered 62,000, horsemen and 
infantry. In marching they cut off all telephone wires, burned houses 
and destroyed everything within their reach. They acquired food as 
best they could and slept on the ground. About the middle of 
December they took Savannah and sent a letter to President Lincoln 
presenting him a Christmas gift, the city of Savanah. 

THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. On the 
night of April 14, 1865, Lincoln was attending a play at Ford's theater 



HISTORY 31 

in WashiTi:gton, when an actor named John Wilkes Booth who was in 
sympathy with the south shot him through the brain and at once fled. 

THE CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ACT. This act was adopted in 
1883 providing for a board of commissioners to examine applicants 
for civil service offices and that a man to have such an office must . 
first pass an examination. A man once passing this examination and 
proving himself eligible for the position could remain in office r.s 
long as he did the proper thing. 

THE COLUMBIA EXPOSITION OF CHICAGO. In 1893 Presi- 
dent Cleveland was called upon to open at Jackson Park, on the lake 
front in Chicago, a great fair known as the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition. This was to celebrate the four-hundredth anniversary of the 
discovery of America by Columbus. 

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. The United States bought from 
France a very large tract of land extending from the Mississippi 
river to the Rocky mountains, omitting Texas, for the sum of $15,- 
000,000. 

THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, 1804. These men 
were sent out to explore the land which the United States had just 
bought from France. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-83, was fought between the 
Thirteen Colonies and England because England taxed the Americans 
and would not give them their rights. 

Washington was commander of our forces. The British lost 102 
ships and the Americans lost 24. 

July 4, 1776, The Declaration of Independence was signed, declar- 
ing that the people would fight for their freedom. At first the British 
were successful but at last America overcame them and won. 

Peace was signed at Paris, 1783, by Franklin, Adams and Jay. 

SOME BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR: 

1. Bunker Hill, 1775. Americans were defeated as they ran out 
of powder and had to fight with their gunistocks. 

2. Trenton. Washington crossed the Delaware on Christmas 
night, surprised the Hessian troops and captured 1,000 men. 

3. Brandywine, 1777. Americans defeated. 

4. Battle of Stony Point, 1779. Americans won. 

5. Cowpens. Americans won. 

6. King Mts. Americans woni 



32 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

SOME AMERICANS TN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Wash- 
ing-ton, Prescott, Arnold, Montgomery, Sullivan, Franklin, Paul Jones, 
and Patrick Henry. 

THE WAR OF 1812 was between England and the United States 
because the English would not allow our ships upon the ocean without 
searching them, arid they also urged the Indians to attack us. 

England had r.^00 ships while we had only 16 but in a years time 
we had destroyed her naval supremacy. During the first year the 
English won on land, but after that the Americans overcame them. 
They burned our capitol in August, 1814. Peace was signed at Ghent, 
Belgium, the same year. We had won the war which meant so much to 
us. We now had a right on the sea and the people were always will- 
ing to fig'ht for the United States. 

SOME AMERICAN MEN IN THE WAR OF 1812: 

1. Perry fought a great battle on Lake Erie defeating the 
British. On his flag were the following words, "DON'T GIVE UP 
THE SHIP." 

2. Lawrence fought on the sea defeating the English. 

o. Andrew Jackson at New Orleans defeated the British, killing 
2,036 men while he lost only 71 men. Peace was then signed. 

THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865, was fought between the North and 
the South because they did not believe alike. Several of the states 
were withdrawing from the Union. The South was in favor of 
slavery and the North was opposed to it. Lincoln was president. 
The South held together better than the North, but neither were 
prepared. 

The South fired the first shot of the war, on Fort Sumter, and 
won over the North. The Southerners were called Confederates and 
the Northerners Federalists. Lincoln called for 75,000 men, but 
183,000 were soon under arms for the Union. 

The North wore blue uniforms and the South wore gTey. At 
first the Southerners were victorious, but in the end the North defeated 
them. When the war began the United States had 90 vessels but only 
15 of them were able to fight. The expense of the war was furnished 
by taxes, issuing bonds and borrowing money from foreign countries. 



HISTORY 33 

SOME BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR: 

1. Fort Sumter. No lives lost. 

2. Bull Run. North defeated. 

3. Gettysburg. The greatest battle of the war. 

4. Chattanooga. Union army defeated. 

5. Hampton roads. On the water two iion clad vessels fought, 
the Monitor and the Merrimac. The Monitor won. 

6. Battle of Pittsburg Landing. Confederates driven back. 

SOME MEN OF THE NORTH: Grant, Sheridan, McClellan's 
Meade, Faragut, Hooker and Sherman. 

SOME MEN OF THE SOUTH: Lee. Johnston, Bragg, Hood and 
Davis. 

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1898, was between Spain and 
the United States because Cuba which belonged to Spain was not given 
her rights and the people were nearly starved. 

The United States feeling sorry for Cuba senit her food and 
medicine, and in 1898 Spain sank our Battleship Maine and 206 men 
in the Harbor of Havana. 

The war began April 21, 1898, and a peace protocol was signed 
August 12, 1898. War lasted only about five months. The United 
States won the war. 

RESULTS OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR— 

1. Spain surrendered Cuba to the Cubans. 

2. The Phillipines were sold to the United States for $20,000,000. 

3. Porto Rico became the property of the United States. 

4. Guam was also ceded to United States by Spain. 

SOME BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1898— 

1. Battle of Manila, 1898. Dewey with a small fleet, easily des- 
troyed a much larger but inferior Spanish fleet in Manila harbor. 

2. Capture of Santiago). 



34 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

SOME MEN OF THE WAR OF 1898. Dewey, Miles, Sampson, 
Shafter. 

THE PANAMA CANAL was dug between North a-^o ?: n^h 
America in the land of Panama. It is valuable as ships can save many 
miles by passing through it. 

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, 1776-1781. The thirteen 
states agreed to form a government under the so called "Articles of 
Confederation." Some states did not want to sig-n them at first, but 
finally they did. 

They were very poor and a failure from beginning to end as 
the laws could not be enforced. Congress consisted of one house under a 
president elected each year. Each state could send not more than 
seven men or less than two men to congress each year. 

When Congress was in session doors were closed; no spectators 
allowed to hear what was said, and no report of the debates were 
allowed to be printed in the papers. Each state had one vote and nine 
out of the thirteen could pass a law. They had no courts nor judges. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES was formed in 
1787, making a government for the people, by the people and of the 
people. It was formed because the Articles of Confederation were 
a failure. There are eighteen Articles in the Constitution today and 
all of our laws must be fonned under them. Giving the people the 
right of HEALTH, PROSPERITY, FREEDOM OF WORSHIP,, 
PEACE, AND HAPPINESS. 

SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY. The states had a right to have 
slavery or be free by this act. 

KANSAS NEBRASKA BILL. This bill was brought about by 
Douglas. People in Nebraska or Kansas could be free or have slaves. 

OMNIBUS BILI^- 

1. California should come in as a free state. 

2. Utah and Mexico could come in without saying about slavery. 

3. Texas paid $10,000,000 to give up claim on New Mexico. 

4. No slaves in District of Columbia. 

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. Slaves who escaped from their 
©wners were to be returned to them. 



HISTORY 35 

THE WILMOT PROVISO. David Wilmot did not want slavery 
in the territory which was won over in the war with Mexico. 

THE VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, 1798. Laws 
were passed because of the Alien and Sedition laws. Virginia and 
Kentucky claimed that the Constitution was a Contract. They also 
claimed that the Alien and Sedition Laws were unconstitutional. 

THE WHISKEY REBELLION, 1794. A tax was placed on Whis- 
key. The western farmers grew grain and made it into whiskey be- 
cause it cost so much to get the grain to market. The farmers refused 
to pay the tax so President Washington called out 12,000 soldiers and 
made them pay the tax. 

WHY THIS CONTINENT WAS NAMED AMERICA. Columbus 
discovered this continent, but did not know it was so large. He 
thought it was an island off the cost of Asia. Americus Vespucius 
was the first to write a description of the newly discovered land, con- 
sequently it was named after him "America." 

SOME INVENTORS OF AMERICA— 

1. Franklin — Printing Press. 

2. Whitney— Cotton Gin. 

3. Fitch and Fulton — Steamboat. 

4. Morse — Telegraph. 

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHICH EXPLORED HERE— 

1. England — Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida. 

2. Spain — Florida, Texas and the land southwest of Colorado. 

3. France — Mississippi Valley. 

4. Holland — New Jersey, Delaware and the Valley of the Hudson 
River. 

5. Sweden — On the Delaware River. 

THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES— 

1. Virginia. 

2. New York. 

3. Massachusetts. 



36 COUK'S EIGHTH GRADL REVIEW 

4. New Hampshire. ' 

5. Maryland. 

6. Connecticut. 

7. Rhode Island. 

8. Delaware. 

9. North Carolina. 

10. New Jersey. 

11. South Carolina. 

12. Pennsylvania. 

13. Georgia. 

SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. The king of England 
owed William Penn's father some money, and paid it by giving William 
a tract of land in America, which he named Pennsylvania. He was 
a good manager and soon founded the City of Philadelphia. Penn 
was kind to every one. 

SMUGGLING. By smuggling we mean trying to keep something 
hidden from others as if we stored flour in war times. 

TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION. Before the United 
States established a firm government the people were forced to pay 
large taxes without any say at all. Today we pay taxes but we are 
represented in Congress and have a right to vote. 

THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER was written by Brands Scott 
Key while a captive in the war of 1812. 

PREPAREDNESS. Keeping an adequate army and navy, guns, 
etc., so if war should be declared we would be prepared to fight. 

PATENT. When an invention is made the inventor is given the 
exclusive right of the manufacture and sale of the invented article 
for a stated period of time. This right is given by the United States 
Patent Office. 



HISTORY 37 



Explorer Sailed Under Important Result 



Gilbert 1483 Engl 

Raleigh 1484 Engl 

Columbus 1492 ^pan 

John Cabot 1497 Engl 

Ponce De Leon 1513 ?pan 

Balboa 1513 5pan 

Vespucius 1519 ?pan 

Cortez 1519 5pan 

Magellan 1519 span 



ish Flag- -Failed 

ish Flag- -Explored North Carolina 

ish Flag- -Discovered America 

ish Flag- -Discovered Newfoundland 

ish Flag--Di9covered Florida 

ish Flag- -Discovered South Sea 

ish Flag__Explored America 

ish Flag- -Explored Mexico 

ish Flag_-Sailed around the World 

Cartier 1534 F'rench Flag --Explored St. Lawrence River 

De Sota 1541 Spanish Flag- Discovered Mississippi River 

Drake 1577 English Flag- -Discovered harbor near San 

Francisco. 

John Smith 1607 ilnglish Flag-_Founded Jamestown 

Champlain 1608 French Flag --Founded Quebec 

Hudson 1609 Dutch Flag Discovered Hudson River 

THE DRED SCOTT DECISION. Scott and his wife were slaves 
in Missouri where slavery existed, but later his master moved to Illi- 
nois, a free state. Scott then claimed he should be free. He was 
tried in court but still remained a slave. The court decided a slave 
wag property and a man could take it with him wherever he went. 

PRESIDENTS WHO HAVE DIED IN OFFICE— 

1. Harrison. 

2. Lincoln (Martyred.) 

3. Taylor. 

4. Garfield (Martyred.) 

5. McKinley (Martyred.) 

COPYRIGHT. When a person writes a book or a play and gets 
copyright on it no one else can copy it and sell it to the public. 



a 



THE JAMESTOWN COLONY. Started in 1607. The people all 
put their grain in a common storehouse. They nearly all perished, 
but finally John Smith came and restored the colony. He had great 
tact with the Indians but he became sick and the people started to 



38 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

leave, but just at that time Lord Delaware arrived with supplies. 
Jamestown then grew for a while but is nearly all gone today. 

WASHINGTON'S CABINET— 

Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury. 
Jefferson, Secretary of State. 
Knox, Secretary of War. 

THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES was at 
Philadelphia in 1790. 

THE X Y Z MISSION. In 1897 three men were sent to settle 
trouble with France and were met by three French agents called Mr. 
X, Mr. Y and Mr. Z. 

THE ALIEN LAW. The President was authorized to banish from 
the country foreigners whose presence was harmful to the nation. 

THE SEDITION LAW. The people could not write, publish, or 
do anything to hinder our government. If they did so they were fined 
or imprisoned. 

THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT. This act seeks to 
protect us from adulterations in our foods and mediciTres. It declares 
that such articles must be offered for sale under their true name. 

THE PANAMA CANAL EXPOSITION. The canal was com- 
pleted in 1914 and on August 15, 1914, it was to be opened to the 
world. In celebration of this a great "World's Fair" was held in San 
Francisco in 1915. 

THE MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823. President Monroe declared 
that the United States would not meddle in the political affairs of 
Europe and that any attempt of European countries to gain possessions 
in this hemisphere, would be considered an unfriendly act toward the 
United States. 

IMPORTANT DATES— 
1492. Columbus discovered America. 
1620. Landing of the MayfioweT. 
1775. Revolutionary War. 



HISTORY 39 

ITTfi. Declaration of Independence. 
1812. War of 1812. 

1865 Close of Civil War and Lincoln Assassinated. 

1898. Spanish American War. 

1918. November 11, Armistice was signed. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES— 

1. Washington 1789-1797 

2. Adams 1797-1801 

3. Jefferson 1801-1809 

4. Madison 1809-1817 

5. Monroe 1817-1825 

6. J. Q. Adams 1825-1829 

7. Jackson 1829-1837 

8. Van Buren 1837-1841 

9. Harrison — 1 month, died 1841- 

io. Tyler— 3 years and 11 months 1841-1845 

11. Polk 1845-1849 

12. Taylor— 1 year and 4 months 1849-1850 

13. Fillmore — 2 years and 8 months 1850-1853 

14. Pierce 1853-1857 

15. Buchannan 1857-1861 

16. Lincoln — 1 term and 6 weeks 1861-1865 

17. Johnson 1865-1869 

18. Grant 1869-1877 

19. Hayes 1877-1881 

20. Garfield— 6 months and 15 days 1881- 

21. Arthur — 3 years, 5 months and 15 days 1881-1885 

22. Cleveland 1885-1889 

23. Harrison 1889-1893 

24. Cleveland 1893-1897 

25. McKinley— 1 term and 6 months 1897-1901 

26. Roosevelt — 1 term, 3 years and 6 months 1901-1909 

27. Taft 1909-1913 

28. Wilson 1913-1921 

29. Hardine 1921- 



40 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

PERSHING IN FRANCE. On June 26, 1917, the first American 
division landed in France. Their Commainder General John J. Per- 
shing had preceded them a few days and on July 4th some of them 
were marched through the streets of Paris. 

OUR MILITARY FORCE, APRIL 6, 1917. There were in our 
military service about 289,000 men — regular army, 127,000; National 
Guards, 80,000; navy and marines, 82,000. By voluntary enlistment 
and selective draft we were able to have in France or aboard ships 
going thither before July 4, 1918, more than a million American 
soldiers. 

THE APPEAL TO DEMOCRACY. Before bringing the full force 
of the United States into the field. President Wilson tried once more 
to show the Geimans that safety for free government was our single 
purpose. 

GENERAL FOCH was g-iven command over all Allied troops on 
the Western front. 

THE WAR CABINET— 

1. McCormack — Chairman of the War Board. 

War Industries Board — Baruch. 

Shipping Board — Hurley. 

Fuel Admimstrati on— Garfield. 

Railroad Administration — McAdoo. 

Food Administration — Hoover. 

THE UNITED STATES ENTERED THE WORLD WAR because 
the Germans were sinking oui ships on the high seas. The Republic 
also wanted to insure safety of democracy. 



CIVICS 



41 



c 



IVICS 



Provisions of the Constitution 

(c). The Constitution provides for three departments of the gov- 
ernment of the United States: 



1. Legislative or 

Law-making Power 



CONGRESS- 



{: 



House of Representatives 



2. Senate. 



2. Executive, or 



Law-enforcing Pow 



'er 1 



The President. 



3. Judicial or Jl- Courts. 

Law-interpreting Power] 2. Judges. 



Provisions of the Constitution Relative to the Congress 



REPRESENTATIVES -l 



r Chosen by vote of the people every two years 
Term — Two years. 

At least 25 years old, 7 
years a citizen of the Unit- 
Qualifications \ed States, and when elected 
>hall be an inhabitant of the 
state for which he is chosen. 
Number — They are apportioned among the 
several states. Each state shall have at 
least one. In all there are 432. 
_ Sole Power — Impeachment. 



4£ 



COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 



SENATE < Qualifications 



Number — Two from each state. 96 in all. 
Term — Six years. 

How chosen. By the legislature of the state 
and also by direct vote of the state. 

Must be at least 30 years 
of age and have been a cit- 
izen of the United States 
for at least nine years, and 
when elected be an inhabit- 
ant of the state for which 
iie is chosen. 
Officers— The Vice President of the United 
States acts as president of the senate, but 
has no vote unless they are equally divided. 
Sole Powers — To try all impeachments. 



Provisions of the Constitution Relative to the President, 



PRESIDENT 



Term — Four years. 

How Chosen. By electors who are chosen by 
the people's vote. Each state has as many 
electors as it has senators and represent- 
atives. It is, however, the people's vote 
that elects the president, althoug-h indirect- 
ly- 

He must be at least 35 years 
of age, having resided in the 
Qualifications •> United States at least 14 
years and a natural bom 
ntizen of the United States. 
Oath — Before entering office he must take 
an oath of affirmation. 

Impeachment — He can be removed from of- 
fice upon conviction of treason, bribery, or 
other high crimes and misdemeanors. 



Some of the Important Powers of Congress 

1. To levy and collect taxes. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with the foreign nations. 



CIVICS 4H 

4. To coin money alnid regulate the value thereof. 

5. To establish postoffices and post roads. 

6. To declare war. 

7. To raise and support armies. 

8. To provide and maintain a navy. 

Some of the Important Powers and Duties of the President 

1. Commander in Chief of the army and navy of the United 
States. 

2. He has power, by and with the consent of 2-3 of the senators 
to make treaties. 

3. He can fill up vacanicies that may happen during the recess 
of the senate. 

4. He can from time to time give to congress information of the 
state of the Union and recommend such measures as he judges 
necessary. 

Salaries of some United States and Nebraska Ofificials 

Office Salary 

President— House and $25,000 traveling expense (U. S.) $75,000.00 

Vice President (U. S.) 12,000.00 

Senators (U. S.) 7,500.00 

Congressmen (U. S.) 7,500.00 

Governor of State (Nebr.) 5,000.00 

Superintendent of State (Nebr.) 5,000.00 

Judges of the Supreme Court of the state, each (Nebr.) 7,500.00 

THE AMERICAN LEGION is an organization formed by ex-ser- 
vice men. Any man who enlisted or was drafted into military service 
is eligible to become a member of this organization. Its purpose is to 
preserve fellowship among ex-service men and to help maintain law 
and order. 

A POLL TAX is a tax levied upon male inhabitants who have 
attained a certain age, usually twenty-one years. 



44 PHYSIOLOGY 



Physiology 



MUSCLES. There are two kinds. 1. Voluntary, which we can 
control. 2. Involuntary, which we cannot control. 

THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION are the: 1. heart, 2. arteries, 
3. veins and capillaries. 

THE ORGANS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM are the: 1. brain, 

2. spinal cord and nerves. 

THE SPECIAL SENSES are: 1. touch, 2. taste, 3. smell, 4 hear- 
ing, 5. Slight. 

THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION are: 1. nose; 2. mouth; 

3. pharynx; 4. larynx; 5. trachea; 6. bronchial tubes; 7. lungs. 

THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION are the: 1. stomach, 2. large and 
small intestines. The gullet and mouth aid in digestion. 

THE SKELETON: 1. head, 2. trunk, 3. limbs. 

HYGIENE is the study of the care of our body. 

PHYSIOLOGY is the study of the functions and processes of the 
body. 

ANATOMY is studying and examining the parts of the body. 

A NARCOTIC when taken in small doses will deaden pain, but 
in large doses produces sleep and sometimes death. Opium and 
alcohol. 

A STIMULANT when taken increases our vital action and excites 
our nerves. Whiskey, coffee, tea, etc. 

THE CORPUSCLES are of two kinds, the red and white. They 
are veiy small and live in the blood. The red ones which are three 
times the white in number give the blood color. The white ones try to 
overthrow disease germs. 

ASSIMILATION. The process by which foods are made a part 
of the living protoplasm. 

DIGESTION is the conversion of food by the action of gastr/c 
juices iiiito soluble products. 

THE PURIFICATION OF BLOOD. The impure blood is sent 
from the heart to the lungs to be purified. 



PHYSIOLOGY 45 

CATARRH is often spoken of as a cold in the head or an inflama- 
tion of the mucous membi-ane. 

FOOD is the victuals we eat to nourish our bodies; as, bread, 
potatoes, meat, milk, eggs, and butter. 

LUNGS are constructed so we may breathe in air; they aid in 
the purification of the blood. 

MILK is one of the most nourishing foods, as we can live on it 
alone. 

ALCOHOL is not a food, but it is a narcotic. 

THE BRAIN is a soft mass within the skull. It is the center of 
the nervous system and the seat of consciousness. 

THE BLOOD is a red fluid which circulates through the body. 
It builds up and repairs the tissues. 

MASTICATION is the chewing of our food. 

THE AORTA is the largest artei-y in the body. 

EPIDEMIC. V/hen a disease gees over the country spreading it 
to many people as the "flu" it is called an epidemic. 

A DISINFECTANT is something that helps to keep away disease 
g-erms. Iodine, peroxide, and formaldehyde. 

THE EUSTACHIAN is a tube that runs from the throat to the ear. 

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL is the entire channel from the 
mouth to the anus through which food passes. 

COAGULATION is clotting or curdling, as the blood does when 
one cuts his finger. 

THE TEETH are of two kinds, the milk teeth, and the permanent 
teeth. 

THE GLANDS are of mony kinds, some of which are: oil '?:lands, 
sweat glands, and salivary glands. 

THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE is continuous with the outside skin. 
It is the lining of the entire alimentary canal. 

The MODIFICATIONS OF THE BREATH are: sighing, coughing, 
sneezing, snoring, laughing, crying, hiccoughs, and yawning. 

THE FOUR PARTS OF THE HEART are: right ventricles, left 
ventrical, right auricle and left auricle. 

THE NORMAL TEMPERATURE of the body is 98.5 degrees. 



46 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

THE KINDS OF FOOD are: fats, carbohydrates and proteins. 
AN EIGHTH GRADE PUPIL should have nine hours of sleep. 

WHAT TO DO FOR 

A SPRAIN. Wrap with warm flannel and keep injured part still. 

A NOSE BLEED. By pi-essing the forefinger between the mouth 
and the side of the nose which is bleeding one can feel the pulsation 
of a small artery. Press on this artery. 

CHOKING. Slap the person between the shoulders and give 
him bread and water to wash the chocking particle down. 

A SUNSTROKE. Dash cold water on the head and chest. Carry 
tlie patient to the shade and leave him rest. 

A SNAKE OR DOG BITE. Wash the wound with peroxide anJ 
bandage tightly above the wound. 

DROWNING. Lay the person with his head dovraward, then work 
his arms back and forth over his head so as to work the water out of 
the lungs. 

A DECALOG OF GOOD HEALTH 

F. M. Gi-egg. 

1. Nutriment. — Thou shalt select thy diet on- a basis of six parts 
of starchy food, one part of fat, and one of albuminous food; avoid 
thou an excess of purin yielding foods if thou 'vouldst escape many 
bodily ills. 

2. Feeding. — Thou shalt eat thy two or three sufficient meals 
under conditions of good cheer and shalt masticate solids till they be- 
come as pea soup, that thou mayest not abuse thy food canal nor eat 
excessively. 

3. Exercise and perspiration. — Thou shalt bring into daily activ- 
ity all thy more important muscles up to the point of vigorous sweat- 
ing, so that thou mayest introduce into thy blood sufficient fatigue 
stuff to insure recuperative sleep, and mayest exercise thy l.eat-regu- 
lating mechanism enough to prevent thy taking colds. 

4. Respiration. — Thou shalt give thy chest and trunk free breath- 
ing play, and shalt provide thyself with an abundance of wholesome 
air; whatsoever deep breathing thou indulgest in let it be done naturally 
in connection with thy daily vigorous exercise, and not as an artificial 
performance apart from thine other forms of exercise. 

5. Cleanliness. — Thou shalt avoid all needless contact with path- 
ogenic, and shalt not make thy mouth a "happy hunting ground" for 
these enemies; that thy presence may not be offensive to thine asso- 



PHYSIOLOGY 47 

ciates, thou shalt take a daily bath, in the early morning only if thou 
workest admist clean surroundings, and in the evening only if thou 
toilest where thou canst not remain immaculate. 

6. Relaxation. — Thou shalt give thyself daily opportunity for ap- 
proximately eight hours of quiet slumber, and if possible a fifteen- 
minute siesta midw^ay of thy daily tasks, that thou mayest he ever 
fresh and optimistic in all thy waking hours. 

7. Elimination. Thou shalt observe all the conditions that favor 
a regular and natural discharge of all the waste materials from thy 
body, lest thou store up poison in thy system that shall do thee harm. 

8. Medicine and drugs. — Thou shalt abstain from the unnecessary 
use of drugs generally, and when thou partakest, thou shalt do so only 
under the direction of a wise physician. If thou wouldest be sane 
thou wilt employ water alone as thy satisfying beverage, and if thou 
wouldst be wholesome, thou wilt refrain from the use of all narcotics. 

9. Clothing. — Thou shalt employ as thy clean and sufficient rain- 
ment only a good absorber and non-retainer of perspiration next thy 
body, such as meshwoven cotton, and shalt adapt thine attractive and 
serviceable outer garments according to thy varying thermal sur- 
roundings. 

10. Mental Hygiene.— Thou shalt suppress all useless forms of 
nervous activity; thou shalt practice cheerfulness all thy days and 
shalt never hate; thou shalt not indulge in self-pity nor dream for a 
moment ihat thou art the exclusive "it"; thou shalt regard thyself as 
counting for something in this world, but shalt consider others that 
thou mayest do them good, ard that thy days may be long and cher- 
ished in the land. 

So shalt thou be physically efficient, mentally strong, and morally 
good. 



48 GEOGRAPHY 



Geography 



1. THE EQUATOR is thought of as an imaginery line drawn 
around the earth halfway between the poles. 

2. The CONTINENTS which are crossed by the EQUATOR are 
South America and Africa. 

3. A VOLCANO is an elevated portion of land where steam and 
white hot melted rock or lava occasionally force their way out through 
the cracks. 

4. A SLOPE is any land that slants. 

5. A SOURCE is the beginning' of a brook or a river. 

6. A GEYSER is a place where hot water spouts out of the 
ground. 

7. A P-LAIN is a broad tract of land that is level or nearly 
level. 

8. OCEAN CURRENTS are streams of surface water moving in 
the sea. They are caused by wind and temperature. 

9. THE GULF STREAM is a branch of one of the ocean cuiTents 
whiqh winds among and around the islands southeast of the United 
States, and then flows northeast across the Atlantic ocean. 

LOCATIONS 

1. CAPE HORN is located at the southern extreme of South 
America. 

2. THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN is located at the southern 
portion of South America. 

3. THE PANAMA CANAL is located between North and 
South America. 

4. THE SAHARA DESERT is located in the northern part of 
Africa. 

5. THE ISTHMUS OF SUEZ is located in the northeastern part 
of Africa connecting Asia with Africa. 

6. THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA is bounded on the south 



GEOGRAPHY 49 

by Africa, on the noi-th by Europe, on the east by Turkey, and on the 
west by Europe and the strait of Gibralter. 

7. THE GOLDEN GATE is the name of the entrance to San 
Francisco harbor or bay. 

EGYPT AND THE NILE VALLEY Egypt is located in the north- 
eastern portion of Africa, through this country flows the Nile river 
which also flows across the eastern portion of the desert of Sahara. 
The lower half of the Nile valley is in Egypt. This valley is only a 
few miles wide, but it is one of the most fertile regions on the earth. 
The river has built a great delta at its mouth. This delta is very 
thickly settled. Every summer the Nile overflows its banks. The 
water comes from the great lakes near the middle of Africa and from 
rainfall on the mountainis of Abyssinia. 

THREE LM PORTA NT CANALS OF THE WORLD 

1. PANAMA CANAL dug through the Isthmus of Panama which 
connects Noi"th and South America. 

2. ERIE CANAL which enables great barges to pass between, 
Buffalo and the Hudson river. 

3. SUEZ CANAL dug through the Isthmus of Suez which con- 
nects Asia and Africa. A great deal of commerce between Europe 
and Asia passes throug'h this canal. 

THE ISLANDS OF THE WEST INDIES are Cuba, Haiti, San 
Domingo, Jamacia, Porto Rico, and many smaller islands. 

THE SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES are: Northeastern, 
Northern, Southern, Plateau and Pacific. 

FISHERIES. Oysters are the most valuable food products of our 
shore waters. About four-fifths of them are taken from Chespeake 
Bay. Baltimore has the largest trade in oysters. Salmon fishing in 
the United States is done mostly near the northwest coast. 

ZONES 

The Tropics and Polar circle divide the earth's surface into five 
zones. A Torrid zone, two Frigid zones and two Temperate zones. 

THE TORRID ZONE lies between the tropics. It includes all 
parts of the earth upon which the sun's rays are at any time vertical. 
It is thus warmer as a whole than the other zones. 

THE TWO FRIGID ZONES about either pole are inclosed by 
the polar circles. These zones include all parts of the earth where. 



50 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

during the year, continuous daylight or darkness last for 24 hours or 
more at- any time. They are the coldest zones. 

THE TEMPERATE ZONES lie between the Torrid zone and each 
Frigid zone. In the Temperate zone there is a period of darkness and 
a period of daylight every 24 hours. Warm summers and cold 
winters generally prevail there. 

THE COUNTRIES CROSSED BY THE EQUATOR are: Brazil, 
Columbia, Ecuador (of South America); Kongo State, French Kongo, 
and British East Africa (of Africa.) 

THE UNITED STATE IS BOUNDED by Canada and the Gieat 
Lakes on the north, the Atlantic ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico 
and Mexico on the south and the Pacific ocean on the west. 

SIX COUNTRIES OF EUROPE are: Russia, German Empire, 
France, Spain, Italy and Austria. 

THE WATER ROUTE FROM NEW YORK TO MANILA. 
Leaving New York one would sail southward on the Atlantic ocean, 
passing by Cuba and turning southeastward so as to pass through the 
Panama Canal. Upon leaving the canal one would sail northwestward 
on the Pacific ocean until arriving at Honolulu and from there con- 
tinuing nearly straight east on the Pacific until arriving at Manila. 

THE WATER ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO ODESSA— A ship 
leaving Buffalo would sail northward on Lake Erie, then pass up the 
St. Lawrence river and into the gulf of St. Lawrence. The ship would 
then sail southeastward on the Atlantic ocean until arriving at the 
strait of Gibraltar. Leaving Gibraltar one would sail across the 
Mediterranean Sea and into the Black Sea sailing northward until 
arriving at Odessa. 

•rHE BARBARY STATES. The states which are spoken of as the 
Barbary states are MOROCCA, TRIPOLI, ALGERIA, and TUNIS. 
They are located in northern Africa. 

THREE PLAINS OF SOUTH AMERICA are: PAMPAS, or 
grassy plains of the plata basin; the LLANOS of the Orinoco basis, 
and the SELVAS, or wooded plains, which are the lowlanda through 
which the Amazon river flows. 

THE SIX NEW ENGLAND STATES are: Maine, New Hamp- 
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. They 
are located in northeastern United States. Much manufacturing is 
carried on there because of the many harbors and good water power. 



GEOGRAPHY 



51 



LEADING STATES IN PRODUCTS 



WHEAT 


CORN 


COTTON 


LUMBER 


Kansas 


Iowa 


Texas 


Washington 


North Dakota 


Illinois 


Georgia 


Louisiana 


Minnesota 


Nebraska 


So. Carolina 


Mississippi 


Nebraska 


Indiana 






COPPER 


CATTLE 


SHEEP 


HOGS 


Montana 


Texas 


Wyoming- 


Iowa 


Oregon 


Iowa 


New Mexico 


Illinois 


Utah 


Nebraska 


Montana 


Missouri 


TOBACCO 


COAL 


IRON 


PETROLEUM 


Kentucky- 


Pennsylvania 


Minnesota 


Texas 


No. Carolina 


West Virginia 


Michigan 


Pennsylvania 


Virginia 


Illinois 


New York 





GOLD AND SILVER. Colorado and Montana. 

THE LEADING SUGAR PRODUCING SECTIONS are: Colo- 
rado, Hawaii and Porto Rico. 

SOME CITIES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER are: New Orleans, 
Minneapolis, Memphis, St. Louis and St. Paul. 

SOME CITIES ON THE GREAT LAKES are: Buffalo, N. Y., 
Chicago, 111., Milwaukee, Wis., Cleveland. Ohio, Detroit, Mich. 

THE CONTINENTS NORTH OF THE EQUATOR are: North 
America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa. 



THE CONTINENTS SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR are: South 
America and Australia 



52 



COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 



COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS 

Country Capital 

United States Washington, D. C. 

Mexico Mexico City. 

Canada Ottawa. 

Venezuela Caracas. 

B'lazil Rio de Janeiro 

Argentina Buenos Aires. 

Chile Santiago. 

France Paris. 

Spain Madrid. 

Germany Berlin. 

Austria Vienna 

Russia Petrograd. 

Norway Christiania. 

England London. 



CONTINENT 


RIVERS 


MOUNTAINS 


North America 


Mississippi 
Rio Grande 
Ohio 


Rocky 

Appalachian 
Sierra Nevada 




Amazon 


Andes 


South America 


Parana 

Orinoco. 




Asia 


Amur 
Langtze 


Himalaya 


Europe 


Rhinie 
Seine 
Rhone 
Danube 


Appennines 
Caucasus 
Alps 
Pyrenees 


Africa 


Niger 
Kongo 


Margaret 
Atlas 



Australia 



Murray 



Blue 



Place Location 

Lisbon Capital of Portugal 

District of Columbia Land around United States Capital. 

Philippines Islands near coast of China. 

Mexico Country south of United States. 

Cxi\)a Island southeast of Florida. 

London Capital of England. 



GEOGRAPHY 63 

VoliE:a A river in Russia. 

Alps Mountains of Europe. 

Arctic .- Ocean north of North America. 

Egypt Northeastern Africa. 

Nilf> River in Northeastern Africa. 

Hawaiian Island.-^. . .In the Pacific Ocean. 

Duluth City in Minnesota. 

Galveston City in Texas. 

Denver Capital of Colorado. 

Wnmington City in North Carolina. 

Apennlines Mountains in Italy. 

Abyssinia Country in Northeast Africa. 

Siberia Eastern part of Russia. 

Fujirjama Volcano in Japanese Islands. 

Porto Rico Island in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Rio de Janeiro _- Capital of Brazil. 

Ye'lcwstcne Park Pari: in Wyoming. 

Puget Sound Northern part of Washing"ton. 

Gibralter Northern coast of Africa. 

Vesuvius Mountain on western coast of Italy 

Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia. 

Havana City of Cuba. 

Algeria Northern part of Africa. 

Tripoli N'rthern part of Africa. 

Pekin Capital of China. 

Baltimore City in Maryland. 

Java Island northeast of Austral'". 

Brussels Capital of Belgium. 

Calcutta Capital of India. 

Ceylon Island off Coast of India. 

Nile River in Northern Africa. 

West Indes Islands Southeast of Florida. 

Appalachian Mountains in eastern United States 

Madrid Capital of Spain. 

Liverpool In England. 

Yukon A river in Alaska. 

Himalaya Mountains in China and India. 

Manila A city in the Philippines. 

Amazon A river in South America. 

Moscow A city in westerni Russia. 

Chattanooga A city in Tennessee. 

Honolulu A city in the Hawaiian Islands. 



54 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

REVOLUTION. The earth revolving around the sun. 

ORBIT. The path the earth follows in traveling around the sun. 

SEASONS are caused by the earth passing around the sun. 

LATITUDE is distance in degrees north or south of the Equator. 

LONGITUDE is a distance in degrees east or west of certain 
imaginary lines called meridians. 

A PARALLEL is a continuous imaginary line around the globe 
connecting all points of a given latitude. 

A MERIDIAN is a continuous imaginary line around the globe 
connecting all points of a given longitude. 

A PLATEAU is a broad level piece of land. 

THE EQUINOX is one of the two times within each year when the 
sun reaches a position causing the days and nights to be equal. 

THE GREAT LAKES are: Superior, Huron, Erie, Michigan and 
Ontario. 

THE DEPENDENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES are: Cuba, 
Porto Rico, Alaska, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands, Guam, the Panama 
Canal Zone, and other small possessions. 

THE PROVINCES OF CANADA are: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, 
British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New 
Brunswick and Sasketchawan. 

THE PANAMA CANAL. This canal is 50 miles long extending 
northwest and southeast. It is under policing and control of the Unit- 
ed States. It cost between $350,000,000 and $400,000,000. 

A DELTA is the land formed by sediment at the mouth of a river. 

The LOESS PLAINS are rich lands. 

SEED GERMINATION is the resuming of the growth of the 
embryo plant within a seed. 

A GLACIER is a large body of ice which passes over the land. 



GEOGRAPHY 55 

An ICEBERG is a large piece of ice floating in the ocean. 

A DESERT is a barren tract of land supporting little or no 
vegetation. 

HUMIDITY refers to the amount of water vapor in the aii. 

EROSION is the wearing away of rocks and soil, especially by 
the influence of water and wind. 

A RIVER SYSTEM is a river and all its tributaries. 

A RIVER BASIN is all the land drained by a river and its 
tributaries. 

An ISLAND is a small body of land surrounded by water. 

A PENINSULA is a narrow neck of land reaching out into the 
water. 

THE SAND HILLS are found in north central Nebraska. 

SOME INJURIOUS BIRDS are: Crows, some hawks, pigeons 
and English sparrows. 

SOME HELPFUL BIRDS: Chick-a-dees, wrens and robins. 

A CAPE is a point of land that extends out into tha watei". 

A STRAIT is a narrow neck of water separating tv^o larger bodies 
of water. 

AN ISTHMUS is a neck of land connecting two larger bodies of 
land. 

SOME INDUSTRIES OF THE EASTERN COAST OF THE 
UNITED STATES are. Dairying, mining, manufacturing, lumbering, 
and some farming. 

SOME INDUSTRIES OF THE WESTERN COAST OF THE 
UNITED STATES are: Farming, fishing, stock-raising, fruit grow- 
ing, and some mining. 

AREA OF THE CONTINENTS 
Continent Sq. Miles 

ASIA 17,000,000 

AFRICA 11,000,000 

NORTH AMERICA '_ 8.000.000 

SOUTH AMERICA 7,000,000 

EUROPE 3,872,000 

AUSTRALIA 3,300,000 



56 



COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 



COUNTRY 



PEOPLES 



CROPS 



OCCUPATIONS 



France 



White 

Yellow 

Black 



Wheat 
Corn 

Rye 



Farming 

Mining 

Manufacturing 



Germany 



White 



Wheat 
Corn 
Barley 
Oats 



Farming 
Manufacturing 



Italy 



Greeks 
Italians 
French 
Black 



Rice 
Cotton 
Corn 
Wheat 



Farming (chief 
one) 



United States 



White 
Black 
Red 



Wheat 
Oats 
Corn 
Barley 



Farming 

Mining 

Manufacturng 



Australia 



White 
Black 



Wheat 

Sheep 

Cattle 



Mining 
Farming 



England 



White 



Wheat 
Corn ■ 



Mining 
Manufacturing 



Spain 



White 



Corn 
Wheat 



Farming 
Mining 



Greece 



Jews 
Black 
Greeks 



Grapes 
Barley 
Wheat 



Farming 
Herding 



Russia 



Turks 

Fezcaps 

Americans 



Wheat 
Hemp 
Barley 
Rye 



Farming 



GEOGRAPHY 57 

GOVERNMENTS 

Country Government. 

United States Republic. 

GeiTnany Republic. 

England Limited Monarchy. 

Russia No Stable Government. 

Mexico Republic. 

China Republic. 

Belg^ium Limited Monarchy. 

Sweden Limited Monarchy. 

Switzerland Republic. 

Venezuela Republic. 

France Republic. 

Japan Limitad Monarchy. 

Spain Limited Monarchy. 



THE KINDS OF GOVERNMENT— 

1. MONARCHY, government by one person (King, Queen, 
Emperor. ) 

2. ARISTOCRATIC, government by a few persons. 

3. DEMOCRATIC, government by the people. 



58 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

CONT. or COUNTRY IMPORTS EXPORTS 



UNITED STATES 



China 
Tea 
Coffee 
Rubber 



Wheat 

Beef 

Com 



SOUTH AMERICA 



Flour 

Manufactured 

goods 



Rubber 
Hides 
Coffee 
Sugar 



EUROPE 



Wheat 
Corn 

Food stuffs 



China 
Cloth 
Hardware 



JAPAN 



Cotton 

Rice 

Sugar 



Tea 

Silk 



AFRICA 



Manufactured 
goods 



Palm oil 
Rubber 
Ivory 
Hides 



INDIA 



Manufactured 

goods 

Hardware 



Rice 

Cotton 

Wheat 



AUSTRALIA 



Manufactured 

goods. 

Sugar 

Tea 



Canned beef 
Flour 
Hides 
Wool 



CANADA 



Manufactured 
goods 
Coffee 
Rubber 



Wheat 

Lumber 

Cattle 



AGRICULTURE 



Agriculture 

DEFINITIONS 

1. SUBSOIL is the bed of material or soil, just beneath the sur- 
face soil. 

2. HUMUS is a brown or black material formed by the decom- 
positioTi of vegetable and animal matter. 

3. LOAM is a blackish soil often containing some clay and sand. 

4. LOESS is a peculiar deposit of loam ranging to sand at one 
extreme and clay at the other, usually a yellowish brown. 

5. A BALANCED RATION is a ration in which the ratio of 
protein, carbohydrates and fat correspond to the required feeding 
standard. 

6. A ROOT is a portion of a plant bearing neither leaves nor 
reproductive organs. Its function is abso(rption, anchorage and 
storage. 

7. GRAFTING is a means of propogating plants by inserting a 
scion in a branch or stem of another planit. 

8. BUDDING is a means of propogating plants by inserting a 
bud in a branch or stem of another plant. 

9. ANNUALS generally reproduce from seeds only, the roots 
and branches dying at the end of the season. (An annual is a one 
year plant.) 

1&. BIENNIALS generally reproduce by seeds, the plant dies 
down in the winter and comes up in the following spring. (Biennials 
live for two years.) 

11. PERENIALS reproduce by seeds or by seeds and buds. They 
live more than two years. 

12. A RUNNER is a slender prostrate branch which roots at the 
joints or ends forming new plants; as in strawberries. 



60 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

13. A FUNGICIDE is a spray such as Bordeaux Mixture, used 
to prevent fungus parasites. 

14. FOUR WAYS OF PROPC GATING PLANTS are: By seeds, 
grafting, budding, and cuttings. 

15. A DUAL PURPOSE COW is one that is a fair milk cow 
and also a fair beef animal; example, Shorthorn. 

16. FOOD IS COMPOSED of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. 
Protein is the most essential in muscle building. 

17. BORDEAUX MIXTURE is a spray used to prevent Fungus 
diseases. The following is the formula commonly used for mrvking 50 
gallons of spray: Dissolve four pounds of stone lime in enough water 
to keep it boiling ten or twelve minutes. When it ceases boiling add 
enough water to make 25 gallons of solution. Next place four pounds 
of copper suplphate in a sack and allow it to touch the water surface 
of a container which contains 25 g'allons of water. When the copper 
sulphate has all dissolved pour the 25 gallons of this solution and the 
25 gallons of lime solution into a 50 gallon container using care to 
pour both solutions into the container at the same time. 

18. ARSENATE OF LEAD in solution with water is a spray 
used against injurious insects. (Example — potato bugs.) It is pre- 
pared by dissolving 2 or 3 pounds of arsenate of lead — paste form — in 
50 gallons of water. 

19. PARASITES are plants or animals living on some phmt 
or animal as a host; examples are: bacteria and fungi. 

20. TWO ELEMENTS plant secure from the air are: Carbon. 
and oxygen. 

21. THREE ELEMENTS plants secure from the soil are: Nitro- 
gen, phosphorus and potash. * 

22. A WEED is a plant not wanted. 

23. FERTILIZER is a material added to the soil to increase its 
fertility. 

24. A FORAGE CROP is any crop the stems or leaves or both 
of which are used either green or dry for feeding stock. (By Wilson 
& Warberton.) Example — millet and alfalfa. 

25. SOILING A CROP is the feeding of green feed; as, cutting 
greem com and carrying it to hogs. 



AGRICULTURE 61 

METHODS OF ERADICATING INSECTS PESTS 

1. Rotation of crops. 

2. Breaking up of grass lands. 

3. Regulation of cultivation. 

4. Adjustment of time of sowing. 

5. Burning over of grass lands (used to destroy chinch bugs.) 

6. Destroying of wheat stubble (used against Hession fly.) 

7. Treatment of seed with paris green and water. 

26. Some injurious pests: The cut worm, Hession fly, chinch 
bug and army worms. 

27. A knowledge of botany is essential in Agriculture because it 
is a study of how plants live and grow. 



ANIMAL BREEDS 



1. FOUR BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE are: Hereford. Short- 
horn, Aberdeen-Angus and Galloway. 

2. FOUR BREEDS OF HORSES are: Percheron, Clydesdale, 

Belgian and Shire. 

;j. FOUR BREEDS OF HOGS are: Duroc Jerseys, Poland 
Chinas, Hampshires and the Chester Whites. 

4. FOUR BREEDS OF SHEEP are: Shropshire, Hampshire, 
Southdown and Cotswold. 

5. FOUR DAIRY BREEDS OF CATTLE are: Jersey, Holstein, 
Guernsey, and Ayrshires. 



62 COOK'S EIGHTH GRADE REVIEW 

Other Important Things Every 
Pupil Should Know 



1. How to bound his state by states and by long'itude and latitude. 

2. The county officers of his county. 

3. How to bound his county. 

4. How to place the towns in his county. 

5. He should know two or thi'ee leading railroads of his state. 

6. He should know the names of some of the congressmen and 
the name of the governor of his state. 

7. How to prepare a good seed bed. 

8. He should know the names of some American and British 
authors and some of their works. 

9. He should know all essential rules of spelling. 

10. He should know the i-ules for punctuation. 

11. He should understand parsing and diagraming. 

12. He should know of several rivers in his state and be able to 
trace their course. 

13. He should know the names of several institutions in his 
state and where they are located. 



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